CultureUpIndigenous Black memory, source trails, and public records

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Timeline

Black American patent holders in chronological order

A grant-by-grant timeline that keeps patent numbers, issue dates, X-patent caveats, holder rank, and source confidence visible.

Timeline

From X-patents to the Baker recovery problem

This first release prioritizes source control over completeness. It shows the rows CultureUp can currently defend and keeps open sequence questions out of promotion.

1790-1836

Federal IP begins and the X-patent record breaks

The U.S. patent system begins in the first federal IP era, but the 1836 Patent Office fire means early claims must be worded as surviving-record claims, not absolute firsts.

1821-1874

First public release sequence

Jennings, Blair, and Rillieux stay as the first public launch sequence. Hawkins begins the next-ten expansion, while Robert Benjamin Lewis remains in sequence review because the research changes the rank question.

1845-1874

The next ten records

The next-ten expansion moves through Hawkins, Deitz, Jones, Elkins, Martin, McCoy, De Leon, and Latimer/Brown as indexable records, while Henry Lee and Samuel R. Scottron remain noindex until source conflicts are resolved.

1875-1899

Chronology gap candidates

Sprint 4 strengthens the bridge into late-nineteenth-century patent memory through food tools, fire safety, writing tools, hair care, landscape machinery, rail safety, and sport. These rows are visible as source-review candidates, not final rank corrections.

1878-1898

Civic records, public tools, and recovery work

Sprint 8 adds printing, paper custody, door devices, street-rail switches, musical instruments, shampoo head-rests, office-calculation source review, and Baker/Murray recovery work. It promotes strong civic-system rows while keeping folklore claims and identity-dependent routes noindex until the source trail is stronger.

1883-1952

Everyday infrastructure backfill

Sprint 7 backfills domestic labor, food service, child mobility, Black enterprise, and personal-care technology. These records make everyday infrastructure visible while preserving name/OCR, identity, assignee, litigation, and commercialization limits.

1919-1986

20th-century systems and modern anchors

Sprint 5 moves the archive into home heating, agricultural chemistry, mobile refrigeration, electronics, audio, home safety, optical systems, space-science instrumentation, and commercialization. These rows use Sprint priority and source-led candidate labels, not final public rank.

1932-2006

Advanced science, software, and networked systems

Sprint 6 adds food preservation, steroid recovery, assistive technology, gamma-electric systems, polymer chemistry, microcomputer architecture, compliance software, and source-review lanes for bioluminescence, electrogasdynamics, VoIP, and digital donations.

1865-1913

Baker, Murray, and recovery work

The Patent Office did not collect race data. Henry E. Baker's recovery project and George Washington Murray's Congressional Record list show why Black patent history has to be reconstructed.

1945-present

Corporate and data-poor patenting

Modern Black inventors often appear inside corporate, university, and team-based patent systems. The archive must distinguish inventor, assignee, ownership, and demographic evidence.

Grant rank 1Holder rank 1x patenthigh

3306X: Dry Scouring

Thomas L. Jennings / 1821-03-03

Earliest currently verified Black American patentee in the reviewed public source trail; original X-patent specification remains unrecovered.

Residence: New York, New York
Category: clothing care / skilled trade
Source status: high
Primary sources: 3 mapped

Grant rank 2Holder rank 2x patenthigh

8447X: Seed-Planter

Henry Blair / 1834-10-14

Early Black agricultural patent record; public transcription notes legibility gaps and should be paired with images for deeper archive work.

Residence: Glen Ross, Maryland
Category: agricultural machinery
Source status: high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 3Holder rank 2utility patenthigh

15: Cotton-Planter

Henry Blair / 1836-08-31

Second known Blair patent; grant rank differs from holder rank because Blair appears more than once.

Residence: Glen Ross, Maryland
Category: agricultural machinery
Source status: high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 4Holder rank 3utility patentmedium high

3237: Improvement in Sugar-Works

Norbert Rillieux / 1843-08-26

Central early Black participation in U.S. patenting; CultureUp keeps the Louisiana Creole frame visible and does not convert it into an Indigenous Black identity claim.

Residence: New Orleans, Louisiana
Category: industrial chemistry / sugar production
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 5Holder rank 4utility patentmedium high

3973: Improved Gridiron

Joseph H. Hawkins / 1845-03-26

Patent text verifies the public invention record; biography and community context remain thinner than the patent trail.

Residence: West Windsor, New Jersey
Category: domestic / culinary technology
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 6Holder rank 3utility patenthigh

4879: Improvement in Sugar-Making

Norbert Rillieux / 1846-12-10

NARA case-file context strengthens the public source trail for Rillieux's sugar-making improvements.

Residence: New Orleans, Louisiana
Category: industrial chemistry / sugar production
Source status: high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 7Holder rank 5utility patentunder review

61941: Improvement in Animal Traps

Henry Lee / H. Lee / 1867-02-12

Residence and name reconciliation required before public promotion; Baker/Murray and patent-mirror place labels currently disagree.

Residence: Richmond, Virginia / Oberlin, Ohio discrepancy
Category: animal trap
Source status: under review
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 8Holder rank 6utility patentmedium high

64205: Improvement in Shoes

William A. Deitz / W.A. Dietz / 1867-04-30

Name variant is preserved: Baker/Murray context uses Dietz, while patent text uses Deitz.

Residence: Albany, New York
Category: shoes / clothing technology
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 9Holder rank 7utility patentunder review

primary-needed: Improved Mirror

Samuel R. Scottron / 1868-03-31

Included in the chronological sprint as noindex source review until the primary patent number and text/image record are attached.

Residence: New York / Brooklyn context to verify
Category: mirror / domestic furnishing
Source status: under review
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 10Holder rank 8utility patentmedium high

77494: Improvement in Corn-Huskers, Shellers

Martha Jones / 1868-05-05

Patent row anchors a Black women inventors lane, but biography and identity context remain caveated.

Residence: Amelia County, Virginia
Category: agricultural machinery
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 11Holder rank 9utility patentmedium high

100020: Dining-Table, Ironing-Table, and Quilting-Frame Combined

Thomas Elkins / 1870-02-22

Patent row supports domestic labor-saving technology; later Albany civic and medical memory should be sourced separately.

Residence: Albany, New York
Category: domestic / labor-saving technology
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 12Holder rank 10utility patentmedium high

125063: Improvement in Fire-Extinguishers

Thomas J. Martin / 1872-03-26

Patent row anchors public-safety technology; identity evidence and life context should remain separate from the patent record.

Residence: Dowagiac, Michigan
Category: public safety / fire protection
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 13Holder rank 11utility patentmedium high

129843: Improvement in Lubricators for Steam-Engines

Elijah McCoy / 1872-07-23

Patent row supports an industrial infrastructure profile; CultureUp avoids phrase folklore unless sourced separately.

Residence: Ypsilanti, Michigan
Category: steam engines / rail infrastructure
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 14Holder rank 12utility patentmedium high

140253: Improvement in Cooking Apparatus

Mary Jones De Leon / 1873-06-24

Patent row supports Black women inventors and domestic technology; identity and biography remain caveated.

Residence: Baltimore, Maryland
Category: domestic / cooking technology
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Grant rank 15Holder rank 13utility patentmedium high

147363: Improvement in Water-Closets for Railroad-Cars

Lewis H. Latimer and Charles W. Brown / 1874-02-10

Chronological Latimer profile starts with the co-invented railroad-car water-closet patent and preserves Charles W. Brown in the record.

Residence: Somerville / Salem, Massachusetts
Category: railroad-car systems
Source status: medium high
Primary sources: 2 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 1Not public rankutility patentunder review

170460: Improvement in Biscuit-Cutters

Alexander P. Ashbourne / 1875-11-30

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Patent row is verified; identity evidence remains pending.

Residence: Oakland, California
Category: domestic food tools / baking technology
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Food and kitchen tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 2Not public rankutility patentunder review

203517: Improvement in Fire-Escape Ladders

Joseph R. Winters / 1878-05-07

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Name/OCR and identity evidence need reconciliation before promotion.

Residence: Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
Category: public safety / fire escape technology
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Public safety and infrastructure
Primary sources: 1 mapped

identity_reviewSprint priority 1Not public rankutility patentunder review

208184: Improvement in Printing-Presses

William A. Lavalette / 1878-09-17

Sprint 8 identity-review record. The patent row supports printing-press facts, but identity evidence is required before indexable promotion.

Residence: Washington, District of Columbia
Category: print infrastructure / civic text systems
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: identity_review
Cluster: Print, paper, and recordkeeping
Primary sources: 1 mapped

identity_reviewSprint priority 2Not public rankutility patentunder review

210764: Improvement in Door-Holding Devices

Osbourn Dorsey / 1878-12-10

Sprint 8 myth-resistance record. Use the patent title, door-holding device, not a broad doorknob claim.

Residence: Washington, District of Columbia
Category: doors / public-building safety
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: identity_review
Cluster: Doors, security, and public buildings
Myth-resistance note: Do not say Dorsey invented the doorknob. The source-supported title is Improvement in Door-Holding Devices.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 1Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

274207: Lasting-Machine

Jan Ernst Matzeliger / 1883-03-20

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. CultureUp uses Matzeliger as a boundary-case Black patent memory profile with Suriname-born, U.S.-based framing.

Residence: Lynn, Massachusetts
Category: shoe machinery / industrial labor
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

source_reviewSprint priority 1Not public rankutility patentunder review

285545: Combined Truss and Bandage

Leonard C. Bailey / 1883-09-25

Sprint 7 source-review record. The patent anchor is visible, but the C./O./G. name trail and identity source need reconciliation before promotion.

Residence: Washington, District of Columbia
Category: health support device / truss and bandage
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: source_review
Cluster: Domestic labor and home tools
Name variant note: Leonard C. / O. / G. Bailey name trail requires reconciliation.
OCR caution: Patent OCR/name rendering should not be silently normalized.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 3Not public rankutility patentunder review

292821: Egg-Beater

Willis Johnson / 1884-02-05

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Identity-source ledger is required before indexable promotion.

Residence: Cincinnati, Ohio
Category: kitchen labor / food processing
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Food and kitchen tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 2Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

299894: Steam-Boiler Furnace

Granville T. Woods / 1884-06-03

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. This first CultureUp Woods profile starts with the attached steam-boiler furnace patent, not the full later Woods portfolio.

Residence: Cincinnati, Ohio
Category: steam systems / industrial heat
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 3Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

305474: Dough Kneader and Roller

Judy W. Reed / 1884-09-23

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. The patent row supports the invention record while first-language and biography remain caveated.

Residence: Washington, D.C.
Category: domestic / food technology
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 4Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

322177: Cabinet-Bed

Sarah E. Goode / 1885-07-14

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. The profile should preserve the cabinet-bed patent record without unsupported first-language.

Residence: Chicago, Illinois
Category: furniture / domestic technology
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

source_reviewSprint priority 3Not public rankutility patentunder review

338727: Musical Instrument

Robert F. Flemming Jr. / 1886-03-30

Sprint 8 source-review record. The musical-instrument and Euphonica title trail requires reconciliation before promotion.

Residence: source review pending
Category: music / sound / cultural tools
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: source_review
Cluster: Music, sound, and cultural tools
Title caution: Use musical-instrument/Euphonica source-review language until the exact title trail is reconciled.
Myth-resistance note: Do not say Flemming invented the guitar; the source trail supports narrower musical-instrument framing.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

identity_reviewSprint priority 4Not public rankutility patentunder review

352036: Receptacle for Papers

Henry Brown / 1886-11-02

Sprint 8 identity-review record. Treat as recordkeeping and paper-security infrastructure until public identity evidence is ledgered.

Residence: source review pending
Category: paper security / recordkeeping
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: identity_review
Cluster: Print, paper, and recordkeeping
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 5Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

371207: Elevator

Alexander Miles / 1887-10-11

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. The patent supports an elevator-systems profile while biography and impact claims remain source-separated.

Residence: Duluth, Minnesota
Category: elevator systems / public safety
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 6Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

386289: Gong and Signal Chair

Miriam E. Benjamin / 1888-07-17

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. Benjamin is explicitly included in Backlog 3 with the signal-chair patent row attached.

Residence: Washington, D.C.
Category: signal systems / service infrastructure
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 2Not public rankutility patentmedium high

405599: Child's Carriage

William H. Richardson / 1889-06-18

Sprint 7 backfill record. The patent row supports reversible child-carriage design and preserves assignment interests.

Residence: Baltimore, Maryland
Category: child mobility / caregiving transport
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Mobility and everyday transport
Assignee: John M. McClintock and Henry T. Meloney / two-thirds interest assignees
Primary sources: 1 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 3Not public rankutility patentmedium high

413689: Oil-Stove

John Stanard / 1889-10-29

Sprint 7 backfill record. Preserve Stanard spelling and do not collapse oil-stove and refrigerator records into one claim.

Residence: Newark, New Jersey
Category: kitchen infrastructure / oil stove
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Food service and baking systems
Name variant note: Preserve Stanard spelling; do not silently normalize to Standard.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 4Not public rankutility patentunder review

419065: Fountain-Pen

William B. Purvis / 1890-01-07

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Identity-source ledger is required before indexable promotion.

Residence: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Category: writing tools / literacy infrastructure
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Tools of public life
Primary sources: 1 mapped

sprint_candidateSprint priority 5Not public rankutility patentmedium high

430118: Street-Railway Switch

Philip B. Downing / 1890-06-17

Sprint 8 civic-systems candidate. This row supports a street-railway switch; the letter-box/mailbox claim remains source review until exact row reconciliation.

Residence: Boston, Massachusetts
Category: street rail / civic systems
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: sprint_candidate
Cluster: Street rail, mail, and civic systems
Myth-resistance note: Do not say Downing invented the mailbox from this row. Add letter-box language only after the exact patent row is ledgered.
Primary sources: 2 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 3Not public rankutility patentmedium high

455891: Refrigerator

John Stanard / 1891-07-14

Sprint 7 backfill repeat-holder record. The refrigerator row supports cold-air and food-storage context but not full biography or commercialization.

Residence: Newark, New Jersey
Category: food storage / refrigerator
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Food service and baking systems
Name variant note: Preserve Stanard spelling; do not silently normalize to Standard.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 5Not public rankutility patentunder review

470005: Pastry-Fork

Anna M. Mangin / 1892-03-01

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Identity-source ledger is required before indexable promotion.

Residence: Woodside, Queens, New York
Category: Black women inventors / kitchen labor
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Food and kitchen tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 7Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

473653: Ironing-Board

Sarah Boone / 1892-04-26

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. The patent row supports clothing-care technology while biography and first-language stay caveated.

Residence: New Haven, Connecticut
Category: domestic technology / clothing care
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 4Not public rankutility patentmedium high

476416: Clothes-Drier

George T. Sampson / 1892-06-07

Sprint 7 backfill record. The patent row supports a clothes-drier mechanism near stoves, not an absolute first-dryer claim.

Residence: Dayton, Ohio
Category: domestic labor / clothes drying
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Domestic labor and home tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

identity_reviewSprint priority 5Not public rankutility patentunder review

499402: Mop

Thomas W. Stewart / 1893-06-13

Sprint 7 identity-review record. The patent verifies a mop mechanism and place; public identity evidence is required before promotion.

Residence: Detroit, Michigan
Category: domestic labor / mop mechanism
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: identity_review
Cluster: Domestic labor and home tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 6Not public rankutility patenthigh

517960: Combined Furrow-Opener and Stalk-Knocker

George Washington Murray / 1894-04-10

Sprint 7 backfill record. Murray is both a patent holder and a public-memory actor in the Baker/Murray recovery trail.

Residence: Sumter, South Carolina
Category: agricultural machinery / field preparation
Source status: high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Black enterprise and patent commerce
Primary sources: 2 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 7Not public rankutility patentmedium high

540553: Bread-Crumbing Machine

Joseph Lee / 1895-06-04

Sprint 7 backfill record. The row supports bread-crumbing machinery and stale-bread reuse context; bread-kneading requires a separate patent row.

Residence: Auburndale, Massachusetts
Category: bakery automation / food-service machinery
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Food service and baking systems
Primary sources: 1 mapped

sprint_candidateSprint priority 6Not public rankutility patentmedium high

542419: Plasterer's Hawk

John Lee Love / 1895-07-09

Sprint 8 public-tools candidate. The plasterer's hawk row supports trade-tool memory and portable work systems.

Residence: source review pending
Category: trade tools / plastering
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: sprint_candidate
Cluster: Print, paper, and recordkeeping
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 6Not public rankutility patentunder review

576395: Ice-Cream Mold and Disher

Alfred L. Cralle / 1897-02-02

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Patent row is strong; identity source must be ledgered before indexable promotion.

Residence: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Category: food service / one-handed serving tool
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Food and kitchen tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 7Not public rankutility patentunder review

594059: Car-Coupling

Andrew Jackson Beard / 1897-11-23

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Patent row is strong; identity source must be ledgered before indexable promotion.

Residence: Eastlake, Alabama
Category: rail safety / industrial labor
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Public safety and infrastructure
Primary sources: 1 mapped

sprint_candidateSprint priority 6Not public rankutility patentmedium high

594114: Pencil-Sharpener

John Lee Love / 1897-11-23

Sprint 8 public-tools candidate. The pencil-sharpener row supports desk, office, paperweight, and writing-infrastructure memory.

Residence: Fall River, Massachusetts
Category: desk tools / writing infrastructure
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: sprint_candidate
Cluster: Print, paper, and recordkeeping
Primary sources: 1 mapped

identity_reviewSprint priority 7Not public rankutility patentunder review

612008: Shampoo Head-Rest

Charles Orren Bailiff / 1898-10-11

Sprint 8 identity-review record. The patent supports barber/service equipment facts, but identity evidence is required before promotion.

Residence: Kalamazoo, Michigan
Category: barber service / public care tools
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: identity_review
Cluster: Barber service and public-care tools
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 8Not public rankutility patentunder review

614335: Brush

Lyda D. Newman / 1898-11-15

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Identity and residence language remain pending source-record confirmation.

Residence: New York, New York pending patent-text confirmation
Category: hair care / public work
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Tools of public life
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 9Not public rankutility patentunder review

624749: Lawn-Mower

John Albert Burr / 1899-05-09

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Identity-source ledger is required before indexable promotion.

Residence: Agawam, Massachusetts
Category: landscape tools / mechanical design
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Landscape, leisure, and sport
Primary sources: 1 mapped

chronology_gap_candidateSprint priority 10Not public rankutility patentunder review

638920: Golf-Tee

George F. Grant / 1899-12-12

Chronology gap candidate, not a public rank correction. Identity-source ledger is required before indexable promotion.

Residence: Boston, Massachusetts
Category: leisure / sport technology
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: chronology_gap_candidate
Cluster: Landscape, leisure, and sport
Primary sources: 1 mapped

source_reviewSprint priority 8Not public rankutility patentunder review

BAKER-FRICTION-HEATER-REVIEW: Friction-Heater Patent Family

Charles S. L. Baker / 1900-01-01

Sprint 8 source-review placeholder. Exact friction-heater patent rows are required before promotion.

Residence: source review pending
Category: heating apparatus / source review
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: source_review
Cluster: Doors, security, and public buildings
Myth-resistance note: Do not promote friction-heater folklore without primary patent rows.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 8Not public rankutility patentmedium high

850070: Beer-Tapper

Richard B. Spikes / 1907-04-09

Sprint 7 backfill record. Assignment and OCR trails should be preserved rather than smoothed into later beer-tap commercialization claims.

Residence: Bisbee, Arizona Territory
Category: beverage dispensing / business infrastructure
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Black enterprise and patent commerce
Name variant note: Preserve Richard B. Spikes and the visible assignee/OCR trail until reconciled.
OCR caution: Marine C. Spires / Spikes assignment trail requires source review.
Primary sources: 1 mapped

source_reviewSprint priority 9Not public rankutility patentunder review

DAVIDSON-OFFICE-CALCULATION-REVIEW: Adding-Machine and Office-Calculation Patent Family

Shelby J. Davidson / 1910-01-01

Sprint 8 source-review placeholder. Exact adding-machine and tabulating-device patent rows are required before promotion.

Residence: source review pending
Category: office calculation / source review
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: source_review
Cluster: Print, paper, and recordkeeping
Primary sources: 1 mapped

Backlog priority 8Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

1113675: Breathing Device

Garrett A. Morgan / 1914-10-13

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. Morgan's public-safety profile starts here with the breathing-device patent rather than unsourced rescue or traffic-signal compression.

Residence: Cleveland, Ohio
Category: public safety / breathing devices
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

systems_era_candidateSprint priority 1Not public rankutility patentmedium high

1325905: Heating Furnace

Alice H. Parker / 1919-12-23

Sprint 5 systems-era candidate. The patent and public context sources support a heating-system record; CultureUp does not convert the record into adoption, commercialization, or absolute-first language.

Residence: Morristown, New Jersey
Category: home heating / domestic systems
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: systems_era_candidate
Cluster: 20th-century systems
Primary sources: 2 mapped

systems_era_candidateSprint priority 2Not public rankutility patenthigh

1541478: Paint and Stain and Producing the Same

George Washington Carver / 1925-06-09

Sprint 5 systems-era candidate. Patent and public-archive context support Carver's materials work; commercial, educational, and agricultural-extension claims require separate sources.

Residence: Tuskegee, Alabama
Category: agricultural chemistry / materials
Source status: high
Chronology handling: systems_era_candidate
Cluster: 20th-century systems
Primary sources: 3 mapped

Backlog priority 9Not chronological rankutility patentmedium high

1693515: Permanent Waving Machine

Marjorie S. Joyner / 1928-11-27

Backlog priority row, not a chronological rank. The patent holder is Joyner; Madam C.J. Walker belongs only as business-network context where sourced.

Residence: Chicago, Illinois
Category: beauty industry / hair care technology
Source status: medium high
Backlog status: indexable_profile_candidate
Primary sources: 1 mapped

advanced_science_candidateSprint priority 1Not public rankutility patentmedium high

1882834: Asphalt Emulsion and Manufacture Thereof

Lloyd A. Hall / 1932-10-18

Sprint 6 advanced science record. The patent row preserves Edwin E. Mortell as co-inventor and J. W. Mortell Co. as assignee.

Residence: Chicago, Illinois
Category: industrial chemistry / emulsion systems
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: advanced_science_candidate
Cluster: Food chemistry and preservation
Co-inventors: Edwin E. Mortell
Assignee: J. W. Mortell Co. / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 1 mapped

advanced_science_candidateSprint priority 1Not public rankutility patentmedium high

2107697: Sterilizing Foodstuffs

Lloyd A. Hall / 1938-02-08

Sprint 6 advanced science record. The patent row preserves Carroll L. Griffith as co-inventor and Griffith Laboratories as assignee.

Residence: Chicago, Illinois
Category: food chemistry / preservation
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: advanced_science_candidate
Cluster: Food chemistry and preservation
Co-inventors: Carroll L. Griffith
Assignee: Griffith Laboratories / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 1 mapped

advanced_science_candidateSprint priority 2Not public rankutility patenthigh

2273046: Process for Recovering Sterols

Percy L. Julian / 1942-02-17

Sprint 6 advanced science record. The patent row preserves John Wayne Cole as co-inventor and The Glidden Company as assignee.

Residence: Chicago, Illinois
Category: steroid chemistry / industrial materials
Source status: high
Chronology handling: advanced_science_candidate
Cluster: Chemistry, medicine, and materials
Co-inventors: John Wayne Cole
Assignee: The Glidden Company / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 1 mapped

systems_era_candidateSprint priority 3Not public rankutility patenthigh

2303857: Air Conditioner for Vehicles

Frederick McKinley Jones / 1942-12-01

Sprint 5 systems-era candidate. The record must preserve Joseph A. Numero as co-inventor and U.S. Thermo Control Co. as assignee.

Residence: Minneapolis, Minnesota
Category: mobile refrigeration / vehicle systems
Source status: high
Chronology handling: systems_era_candidate
Cluster: 20th-century systems
Co-inventors: Joseph A. Numero
Assignee: U.S. Thermo Control Co. / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 2 mapped

advanced_health_accessibility_candidateSprint priority 3Not public rankutility patentmedium high

2550554: Portable Receptacle Support

Bessie Virginia Griffin / 1951-04-24

Sprint 6 health accessibility candidate. The patent row supports the portable receptacle support, not every broader self-feeding apparatus claim.

Residence: Newark, New Jersey
Category: assistive technology / receptacle support
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: advanced_health_accessibility_candidate
Cluster: Health accessibility and assistive technology
Primary sources: 1 mapped

backfill_candidateSprint priority 10Not public rankutility patentmedium high

2621663: Permanently Attaching Commercial Hair to Live Hair

Christina M. Jenkins / 1952-12-16

Sprint 7 backfill record. The patent row supports method/process claims and requires source-limit language around enforcement and litigation.

Residence: Cleveland, Ohio
Category: hair weaving / personal-care technology
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: backfill_candidate
Cluster: Hair, beauty, and personal-care technology
Assignee: Individual / as recorded
Primary sources: 1 mapped

modern_systems_candidateSprint priority 5Not public rankutility patentmedium high

2891227: Wire Type Precision Resistor

Otis F. Boykin / 1959-06-16

Sprint 5 modern systems candidate. The patent row supports resistor technology and assignee facts, not every later pacemaker or commercialization claim.

Residence: Chicago, Illinois
Category: electronics / precision resistor
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: modern_systems_candidate
Cluster: Electronics, audio, and space systems
Assignee: Chicago Telephone Supply Corp. / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 2 mapped

modern_systems_candidateSprint priority 6Not public rankutility patenthigh

3118022: Electroacoustic Transducer

James E. West / 1964-01-14

Sprint 5 modern systems candidate. The page must preserve Gerhard M. Sessler as co-inventor and Bell Telephone Laboratories as assignee.

Residence: Murray Hill, New Jersey
Category: audio electronics / microphone systems
Source status: high
Chronology handling: modern_systems_candidate
Cluster: Electronics, audio, and space systems
Co-inventors: Gerhard M. Sessler
Assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 2 mapped

modern_systems_candidateSprint priority 8Not public rankutility patenthigh

3478216: Image Converter

George R. Carruthers / 1969-11-11

Sprint 5 modern systems candidate. The patent row supports image-converter facts and the federal assignee; Apollo and NASA memory require separate public context sources.

Residence: Washington, District of Columbia
Category: space science / ultraviolet imaging
Source status: high
Chronology handling: modern_systems_candidate
Cluster: Electronics, audio, and space systems
Assignee: United States Department of the Navy / federal assignee
Primary sources: 2 mapped

modern_systems_candidateSprint priority 7Not public rankutility patenthigh

3482037: Home Security System Utilizing Television Surveillance

Marie Van Brittan Brown / 1969-12-02

Sprint 5 modern systems candidate. The record preserves Albert L. Brown as co-inventor and does not turn the patent into a complete history of modern surveillance.

Residence: Jamaica, New York
Category: home security / television surveillance
Source status: high
Chronology handling: modern_systems_candidate
Cluster: Health, accessibility, and home safety
Co-inventors: Albert L. Brown
Primary sources: 2 mapped

advanced_science_candidateSprint priority 4Not public rankutility patenthigh

3591860: Gamma-Electric Cell

Henry T. Sampson Jr. / 1971-07-06

Sprint 6 advanced science record. The patent row preserves George H. Miley as co-inventor and does not convert the gamma-electric cell into a solar-cell claim.

Residence: Urbana, Illinois
Category: nuclear/electrical systems
Source status: high
Chronology handling: advanced_science_candidate
Cluster: Chemistry, medicine, and materials
Co-inventors: George H. Miley
Primary sources: 1 mapped

modern_systems_candidateSprint priority 9Not public rankutility patentmedium high

4229761: Illusion Transmitter

Valerie L. Thomas / 1980-10-21

Sprint 5 modern systems candidate. The patent row supports the illusion-transmitter record; later NASA and medical visualization claims need separate sources.

Residence: Silver Spring, Maryland
Category: optical systems / image transmission
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: modern_systems_candidate
Cluster: Electronics, audio, and space systems
Primary sources: 2 mapped

source_reviewSprint priority 4Not public rankutility patentunder review

4354643: Bathroom Tissue Holder

Mary B. Kenner / 1982-10-19

Sprint 5 source-review record. This patent row is visible, but the sanitary-belt claim remains blocked until a primary patent record is ledgered.

Residence: Washington, District of Columbia
Category: home accessibility / bathroom fixture
Source status: under review
Chronology handling: source_review
Cluster: Health, accessibility, and home safety
Primary sources: 2 mapped

modern_systems_candidateSprint priority 11Not public rankutility patentmedium high

4472728: Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer

George E. Alcorn Jr. / 1984-09-18

Sprint 5 modern systems candidate. The route must preserve Patrick A. Grant, John W. Jackson Jr., and Francis E. Marshall as co-inventors and NASA as assignee.

Residence: Mitchellville, Maryland
Category: space science / X-ray spectroscopy
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: modern_systems_candidate
Cluster: Electronics, audio, and space systems
Co-inventors: Patrick A. Grant, John W. Jackson Jr., Francis E. Marshall
Assignee: NASA / federal assignee
Primary sources: 2 mapped

advanced_science_candidateSprint priority 7Not public rankutility patentmedium high

4506057: Stable Latexes Containing Phosphorus Surface Groups

Bettye W. Greene / 1985-03-19

Sprint 6 advanced science record. The patent row preserves Sun-Lin Chen as co-inventor and Dow Chemical Co. as assignee.

Residence: Midland, Michigan
Category: polymer chemistry / industrial materials
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: advanced_science_candidate
Cluster: Chemistry, medicine, and materials
Co-inventors: Sun-Lin Chen
Assignee: Dow Chemical Co. / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 1 mapped

networked_computing_candidateSprint priority 8Not public rankutility patenthigh

4528626: Microcomputer System with Bus Control Means for Peripheral Processing Devices

Mark E. Dean / 1985-07-09

Sprint 6 networked computing record. The patent row preserves Dennis L. Moeller as co-inventor and IBM as assignee.

Residence: Boca Raton, Florida
Category: computer architecture / data systems
Source status: high
Chronology handling: networked_computing_candidate
Cluster: Computer architecture and data systems
Co-inventors: Dennis L. Moeller
Assignee: International Business Machines Corp. / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 1 mapped

modern_commercialization_candidateSprint priority 10Not public rankutility patenthigh

4591071: Squirt Gun

Lonnie G. Johnson / 1986-05-27

Sprint 5 commercialization candidate. Patent facts are not the same as licensing terms, toy-market performance, or ownership benefit.

Residence: La Crescenta, California
Category: consumer product / commercialization
Source status: high
Chronology handling: modern_commercialization_candidate
Cluster: Commercialization and assignment
Primary sources: 2 mapped

Backlog priority 10Not chronological rankutility patentunder review

4744360: Apparatus for Ablating and Removing Cataract Lenses

Patricia E. Bath / 1988-05-17

Modern anchor staged for source review, not a chronological rank. Keep noindex until the medical profile is deep enough.

Residence: Los Angeles, California
Category: medical technology / cataract surgery
Source status: under review
Backlog status: modern_anchor_staged
Primary sources: 1 mapped

software_and_civic_systems_candidateSprint priority 9Not public rankutility patentmedium high

6985922B1: Method, Apparatus and System for Processing Compliance Actions over a Wide Area Network

Janet Emerson Bashen / 2006-01-10

Sprint 6 software and civic systems record. The patent row preserves all named co-inventors and S.J. Bashen as assignee.

Residence: Houston, Texas
Category: software compliance / civic systems
Source status: medium high
Chronology handling: software_and_civic_systems_candidate
Cluster: Software compliance and civic systems
Co-inventors: G. Steven Bashen, Marjana Lindsey Roach, Donnie Moore
Assignee: S.J. Bashen / corporate assignee
Primary sources: 1 mapped