CultureUpIndigenous Black memory, source trails, and public records

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Source ledger

Every patent claim needs a source limit.

This ledger maps each source to what it supports, what it cannot prove, and why CultureUp treats patent history as public-record memory rather than a hall-of-fame list.

Claim control

Source ledger

Patent records can verify invention titles, numbers, dates, residences, and sometimes assignments. Separate sources are needed for biography, identity, commercialization, and memory framing.

Domestic labor and home tools

Sources for household, repair, cleaning, drying, and care-work tools where CultureUp keeps labor history separate from unsupported first-language.

patent text mirrorpatent text

US476416A - Clothes-Drier

Google Patents / 1892 patent record

Supports: Shows George T. Sampson of Dayton, Ohio, connected to a clothes-drier patent issued June 7, 1892.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, absolute first status, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US476416A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity review

US499402A - Mop

Google Patents / 1893 patent record

Supports: Shows Thomas W. Stewart of Detroit, Michigan, connected to a mop patent issued June 13, 1893.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership. Stewart remains noindex until public identity evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US499402A/en

Food service and baking systems

Sources for kitchen, baking, refrigeration, stove, and food-service records where use context must stay tied to patent-row evidence.

patent text mirrorpatent text

US413689A - Oil-Stove

Google Patents / 1889 patent record

Supports: Shows John Stanard of Newark, New Jersey, connected to an oil-stove patent issued October 29, 1889.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US413689A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US455891A - Refrigerator

Google Patents / 1891 patent record

Supports: Shows John Stanard of Newark, New Jersey, connected to a refrigerator patent issued July 14, 1891.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US455891A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US540553A - Bread-Crumbing Machine

Google Patents / 1895 patent record

Supports: Shows Joseph Lee of Auburndale, Massachusetts, connected to a bread-crumbing machine patent issued June 4, 1895.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, hotel business history, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US540553A/en

Mobility and everyday transport

Sources for child carriages, transport devices, and movement infrastructure where assignments and users require separate source trails.

patent text mirrorpatent text with assignment record

US405599A - Child's Carriage

Google Patents / 1889 patent record

Supports: Shows William H. Richardson of Baltimore, Maryland, connected to a reversible child's carriage patent issued June 18, 1889, with assignment interests recorded to John M. McClintock and Henry T. Meloney.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, assignment language, dates, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership where assignees are listed.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US405599A/en

Black enterprise and patent commerce

Sources for patents tied to business, assignments, recovery work, or professional enterprise where inventorship, ownership, and commercialization remain distinct.

patent text mirrorpatent text

US517960A - Combined Furrow-Opener and Stalk-Knocker

Google Patents / 1894 patent record

Supports: Shows George W. Murray of Sumter, South Carolina, connected to a combined furrow-opener and stalk-knocker patent issued April 10, 1894.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US517960A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with assignment/OCR review

US850070A - Beer-Tapper

Google Patents / 1907 patent record

Supports: Shows Richard B. Spikes tied to a beer-tapper patent published April 9, 1907, with Bisbee, Arizona Territory, and assignee/OCR details that require careful preservation.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, recorded place, and source-visible assignment language. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership where assignment language appears.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US850070A/en

Hair, beauty, and personal-care technology

Sources for hair-care, beauty, and personal-care records where litigation, licensing, and cultural impact claims need separate public sources.

patent text mirrorpatent text with enforcement/source-limit note

US2621663A - Permanently Attaching Commercial Hair to Live Hair

Google Patents / 1952 patent record

Supports: Shows Christina M. Jenkins connected to a method for permanently attaching commercial hair to live hair, published December 16, 1952.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and named inventor. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, enforcement success, litigation outcome, or personal ownership beyond the patent row.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US2621663A/en

Name and OCR reconciliation

Sources where patent mirrors, OCR, assignment language, or name variants must be reconciled before stronger public-memory claims are promoted.

patent text mirrorpatent text with name/OCR review

US285545A - Combined Truss and Bandage

Google Patents / 1883 patent record

Supports: Shows a combined truss and bandage patent issued September 25, 1883, with Washington, District of Columbia, as the recorded place and a name trail that requires reconciliation.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, date, title, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership. Bailey remains noindex until the C./O./G. name trail and identity source are reconciled.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US285545A/en

Print, paper, and recordkeeping

Sources for printing presses, document receptacles, office tools, paper security, desk infrastructure, and public-record systems.

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity review

US208184A - Improvement in Printing-Presses

Google Patents / 1878 patent record

Supports: Shows William A. Lavalette of Washington, District of Columbia, connected to an improvement in printing-presses published September 17, 1878.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, title, date, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership. Lavalette remains noindex until public identity evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US208184A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity review

US352036A - Receptacle for Papers

Google Patents / 1886 patent record

Supports: Shows Henry Brown connected to a receptacle for papers patent published November 2, 1886.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, title, date, and recorded metadata. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership. Brown remains noindex until public identity evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US352036A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US542419A - Plasterer's Hawk

Google Patents / 1895 patent record

Supports: Shows John Lee Love connected to a plasterer's hawk patent published July 9, 1895.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data and recorded metadata. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US542419A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US594114A - Pencil-Sharpener

Google Patents / 1897 patent record

Supports: Shows John Lee Love of Fall River, Massachusetts, connected to a pencil-sharpener patent published November 23, 1897.
Limit: This row supports the desk/pencil-sharpener patent facts. It does not by itself prove full biography, commercialization, adoption, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US594114A/en

Street rail, mail, and civic systems

Sources for street-rail switching, mail systems, civic movement, and public infrastructure records.

patent text mirrorpatent text

US430118A - Street-Railway Switch

Google Patents / 1890 patent record

Supports: Shows Philip B. Downing of Boston, Massachusetts, connected to a street-railway switch patent published June 17, 1890.
Limit: This row supports street-railway switch facts, not a letter-box or mailbox claim. Patent records do not by themselves prove full race/identity, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US430118A/en

Barber service and public-care tools

Sources for barber, shampoo, service-chair, and public-care equipment records where shop labor and identity evidence remain distinct.

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity review

US612008A - Shampoo Head-Rest

Google Patents / 1898 patent record

Supports: Shows Charles Orren Bailiff of Kalamazoo, Michigan, connected to a shampoo head-rest patent published October 11, 1898.
Limit: Patent records verify invention data, patent number, title, date, and recorded place. They do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership. Bailiff remains noindex until public identity evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US612008A/en

Baker's List and recovery work

Sources for Henry E. Baker, George Washington Murray, the Congressional Record recovery trail, and the limits of demographic reconstruction.

official historical essaypublic-memory recovery context

Found: Baker's List

United States Patent and Trademark Office / 2022

Supports: Explains Henry E. Baker's recovery work, George Washington Murray's Congressional Record list, and why the Patent Office did not collect demographic race data.
Limit: Baker's list is a recovery tool, not a complete census of Black patentees and not a substitute for exact patent rows, identity evidence, or biography sources.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/found-bakers-list

primary Congressional Record citation neededsource-review queue

Murray Congressional Record list primary citation

CultureUp source review / 1894 citation under review

Supports: Keeps the exact Congressional Record citation path for Murray's reading of Baker's list in source review.
Limit: The USPTO recovery essay supports the context, but the exact Congressional Record citation should be attached before stronger page-level claims.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record

Myth-resistance and source limits

Sources that keep patent folklore from becoming headline claims before exact title, number, date, identity, and source-limit evidence supports it.

patent text mirrorpatent text with myth-resistance review

US210764A - Improvement in Door-Holding Devices

Google Patents / 1878 patent record

Supports: Shows Osbourn Dorsey of Washington, District of Columbia, connected to an improvement in door-holding devices published December 10, 1878.
Limit: The patent title supports door-holding-device language, not a broad doorknob claim. Patent records do not by themselves prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US210764A/en

Title reconciliation needed

Sources where title wording, instrument names, mailbox/letter-box language, or family patent claims need exact row reconciliation before promotion.

patent text mirrorpatent text with title reconciliation

US338727A - Musical Instrument

Google Patents / 1886 patent record

Supports: Shows Robert F. Flemming Jr. connected to a musical-instrument patent published March 30, 1886, while the Euphonica/title trail requires reconciliation.
Limit: The patent supports a narrower musical-instrument record, not a broad guitar-invention claim. It does not by itself prove full identity, biography, commercialization, cultural impact, or public memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US338727A/en

exact patent record neededsource-review queue

Philip B. Downing letter-box exact patent row

CultureUp source review / letter-box claim under review

Supports: Keeps Downing's letter-box/mailbox claim in source review until the exact patent number, title, date, and source limits are ledgered.
Limit: Do not say Downing invented the mailbox unless the exact letter-box patent row is attached and the claim is narrowly framed.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

Systems-era patent records

Patent anchors for twentieth-century and modern systems candidates. These rows support invention facts while rank handling, identity context, co-inventor credit, and assignee ownership remain visible.

patent text mirrorsystems-era patent-record candidate

US1325905A - Heating Furnace

Google Patents / 1919 patent record

Supports: Shows Alice H. Parker of Morristown, New Jersey connected to a heating furnace patent published December 23, 1919.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, title, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1325905A/en

patent text mirrorsystems-era patent-record candidate

US1541478A - Paint and Stain and Process of Producing the Same

Google Patents / 1925 patent record

Supports: Shows George Washington Carver connected to a paint and stain process patent published June 9, 1925.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and title. It does not by itself prove full biography, Tuskegee program history, commercialization, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1541478A/en

Food chemistry and preservation

Sources for food preservation, sterilization, and industrial chemistry records where patent facts must stay separate from company ownership and public-memory claims.

patent text mirroradvanced science patent record

US1882834A - Asphalt Emulsion and Manufacture Thereof

Google Patents / 1932 patent record

Supports: Shows Lloyd A. Hall and Edwin E. Mortell as inventors, J. W. Mortell Co. as assignee, and an asphalt emulsion patent published October 18, 1932.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full race/identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1882834A/en

patent text mirrorfood chemistry patent record

US2107697A - Sterilizing Foodstuffs

Google Patents / 1938 patent record

Supports: Shows Carroll L. Griffith and Lloyd A. Hall as inventors, Griffith Laboratories as assignee, and a sterilizing foodstuffs patent published February 8, 1938.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full biography, all Griffith Laboratories processes, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US2107697A/en

Steroid chemistry and industrial materials

Sources for sterol recovery, pharmaceutical-material pathways, industrial chemistry, and source limits around laboratory and corporate settings.

patent text mirrorsteroid chemistry patent record

US2273046A - Process for Recovering Sterols

Google Patents / 1942 patent record

Supports: Shows Percy L. Julian and John Wayne Cole as inventors, The Glidden Company as assignee, and a process for recovering sterols patent published February 17, 1942.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full biography, all steroid-chemistry work, medical adoption, commercialization, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US2273046A/en

Health accessibility and assistive technology

Sources for accessibility, care, patient agency, and assistive-device records that require careful boundaries around medical and personal-care claims.

patent text mirrorassistive technology patent record

US2550554A - Portable Receptacle Support

Google Patents / 1951 patent record

Supports: Shows Bessie Virginia Griffin as inventor on a portable receptacle support patent published April 24, 1951.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data and issue date. It does not by itself prove all Blount inventions, electric self-feeding apparatus claims, medical adoption, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or broader biography.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US2550554A/en

Nuclear, electrical, and aerospace systems

Sources for gamma-electric, aerospace, detector, life-detection, and federal research contexts with co-inventor and source-review controls.

patent text mirrorco-inventor nuclear/electrical patent record

US3591860A - Gamma-Electric Cell

Google Patents / 1971 patent record

Supports: Shows Henry T. Sampson Jr. and George H. Miley as inventors on a gamma-electric cell patent published July 6, 1971.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, and issue date. It does not by itself prove solar-cell invention, energy-market effects, full biography, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, or sole inventorship.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3591860A/en

Polymer chemistry and corporate assignee records

Sources for industrial polymer research where corporate assignment, co-inventors, and inventor credit must remain visibly distinct.

patent text mirrorco-inventor corporate polymer patent record

US4506057A - Stable Latexes Containing Phosphorus Surface Groups

Google Patents / 1985 patent record

Supports: Shows Bettye W. Greene and Sun-Lin Chen as inventors, Dow Chemical Co. as assignee, and a stable latexes patent published March 19, 1985.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full biography, industrial adoption, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4506057A/en

Computer architecture and IBM-era systems

Sources for microcomputer architecture, bus control, peripheral processing, and corporate computing records.

patent text mirrorco-inventor IBM computer architecture patent record

US4528626A - Microcomputer System with Bus Control Means for Peripheral Processing Devices

Google Patents / 1985 patent record

Supports: Shows Mark E. Dean and Dennis L. Moeller as inventors, International Business Machines Corp. as assignee, and a microcomputer bus-control patent published July 9, 1985.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove Dean's full career, every IBM PC architecture claim, commercialization, public memory, economic benefit, sole inventorship, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4528626A/en

Software, civic systems, and wide-area networks

Sources for compliance software, wide-area network workflows, VoIP/network performance, digital donations, and source-review limits around software patents.

patent text mirrorco-inventor software/civic systems patent record

US6985922B1 - Processing Compliance Actions over a Wide Area Network

Google Patents / 2006 patent record

Supports: Shows G. Steven Bashen, Janet Emerson Bashen, Marjana Lindsey Roach, and Donnie Moore as inventors, S.J. Bashen as assignee, and a compliance-actions over wide-area network patent published January 10, 2006.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove sole invention, first-claim language, full biography, commercialization, client adoption, public memory, economic benefit, or personal ownership.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6985922B1/en

Employer, corporate, and federal assignee records

Sources that make the difference between inventorship, co-inventorship, employer context, and patent ownership visible.

patent text mirrorco-inventor and assignee patent record

US2303857A - Air Conditioner for Vehicles

Google Patents / 1942 patent record

Supports: Shows Joseph A. Numero and Frederick M. Jones as inventors, U.S. Thermo Control Co. as assignee, and a vehicle air-conditioning patent published December 1, 1942.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full identity, biography, commercialization, wartime logistics impact, ownership benefit, or public memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US2303857A/en

Health, accessibility, and home safety

Sources for personal-care, accessibility, home-safety, and domestic infrastructure patent records that require careful source limits.

patent text mirrorhealth and home-accessibility patent record

US4354643A - Bathroom Tissue Holder

Google Patents / 1982 patent record

Supports: Shows Mary B. Kenner connected to a bathroom tissue holder patent published October 19, 1982.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data and issue date. It does not by itself prove the sanitary-belt claim, full identity, biography, commercialization, accessibility impact, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4354643A/en

patent text mirrorco-inventor home-safety patent record

US3482037A - Home Security System Utilizing Television Surveillance

Google Patents / 1969 patent record

Supports: Shows Marie Van Brittan Brown and Albert L. Brown as inventors on a home security system patent published December 2, 1969.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full identity, biography, adoption, modern product lineage, public-safety outcome, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3482037A/en

Electronics, audio, and space systems

Sources for precision electronics, microphones, imaging, optical transmission, detector systems, and science instruments.

patent text mirrorelectronics patent-record candidate

US2891227A - Wire Type Precision Resistor

Google Patents / 1959 patent record

Supports: Shows Otis F. Boykin as inventor, Chicago Telephone Supply Corp. as assignee, and a wire type precision resistor patent published June 16, 1959.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full identity, biography, pacemaker claims, commercialization, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US2891227A/en

patent text mirrorco-inventor and Bell Labs patent record

US3118022A - Electroacoustic Transducer

Google Patents / 1964 patent record

Supports: Shows Gerhard M. Sessler and James E. West as inventors, Bell Telephone Laboratories as assignee, and an electroacoustic transducer patent published January 14, 1964.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove solo invention, full biography, commercialization, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3118022A/en

patent text mirrorfederal assignee science-instrument patent record

US3478216A - Image Converter

Google Patents / 1969 patent record

Supports: Shows George R. Carruthers as inventor, the U.S. Department of Navy as assignee, and an image converter patent published November 11, 1969.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full biography, Apollo/NASA public-memory claims, commercialization, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3478216A/en

patent text mirroroptical transmission patent-record candidate

US4229761A - Illusion Transmitter

Google Patents / 1980 patent record

Supports: Shows Valerie L. Thomas as inventor on an illusion transmitter patent published October 21, 1980.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data and issue date. It does not by itself prove full identity, NASA career context, later use cases, commercialization, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4229761A/en

patent text mirrorco-inventor and NASA assignee science-instrument patent record

US4472728A - Imaging X-ray Spectrometer

Google Patents / 1984 patent record

Supports: Shows Patrick A. Grant, John W. Jackson Jr., George E. Alcorn, and Francis E. Marshall as inventors, NASA as assignee, and an imaging X-ray spectrometer patent published September 18, 1984.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, co-inventor names, assignee, and issue date. It does not by itself prove solo invention, full biography, NASA career context, commercialization, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4472728A/en

Commercialization and licensing context

Sources that help separate a patent record from product licensing, market adoption, economic benefit, and public-memory claims.

patent text mirrorcommercialization anchor patent record

US4591071A - Squirt Gun

Google Patents / 1986 patent record

Supports: Shows Lonnie G. Johnson as inventor on a squirt gun patent published May 27, 1986.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data and issue date. It does not by itself prove licensing terms, toy-market performance, commercialization benefit, full biography, public memory, or economic benefit.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4591071A/en

public inventor profilecommercialization context

Lonnie Johnson

National Inventors Hall of Fame / current public profile

Supports: Identifies Johnson with the Super Soaker and places the invention inside a commercialization public-memory frame.
Limit: Does not prove patent ownership, licensing terms, royalty history, or every economic-benefit claim by itself.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.invent.org/inductees/lonnie-johnson

Chronology gap patent records

Patent anchors for 1875-1899 candidates. These rows support invention facts while identity evidence, rank placement, name variants, and public-memory context remain under review.

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US170460A - Improvement in Biscuit-Cutters

Google Patents / 1875 patent record

Supports: Shows Alexander P. Ashbourne of Oakland, California connected to an improvement in biscuit-cutters issued November 30, 1875.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, or community memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US170460A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate with OCR/name review

US203517A - Improvement in Fire-Escape Ladders

Google Patents / 1878 patent record

Supports: Shows Joseph R. Winters of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania connected to an improvement in fire-escape ladders issued May 7, 1878.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, community memory, or resolve name/OCR variants.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US203517A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US292821A - Egg-Beater

Google Patents / 1884 patent record

Supports: Shows Willis Johnson of Cincinnati, Ohio connected to an egg-beater patent issued February 5, 1884.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, or community memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US292821A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US419065A - Fountain-Pen

Google Patents / 1890 patent record

Supports: Shows William B. Purvis of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania connected to a fountain-pen patent issued January 7, 1890.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, or community memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US419065A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US470005A - Pastry-Fork

Google Patents / 1892 patent record

Supports: Shows Anna M. Mangin of Woodside, Queens, New York connected to a pastry-fork patent issued March 1, 1892.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, community memory, or first-language.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US470005A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US576395A - Ice-Cream Mold and Disher

Google Patents / 1897 patent record

Supports: Shows Alfred L. Cralle of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania connected to an ice-cream mold and disher patent issued February 2, 1897.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, or community memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US576395A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US594059A - Car-Coupling

Google Patents / 1897 patent record

Supports: Shows Andrew Jackson Beard of Eastlake, Alabama connected to a car-coupling patent issued November 23, 1897.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, community memory, or full rail-labor impact.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US594059A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate with residence review

US614335A - Brush

Google Patents / 1898 patent record

Supports: Shows Lyda D. Newman connected to a brush patent issued November 15, 1898, with New York residence pending source-record confirmation.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, and issue date. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, community memory, or final residence language.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US614335A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US624749A - Lawn-Mower

Google Patents / 1899 patent record

Supports: Shows John Albert Burr of Agawam, Massachusetts connected to a lawn-mower patent issued May 9, 1899.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, or community memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US624749A/en

patent text mirrorpatent-record chronology gap candidate

US638920A - Golf-Tee

Google Patents / 1899 patent record

Supports: Shows George F. Grant of Boston, Massachusetts connected to a golf-tee patent issued December 12, 1899.
Limit: The patent record verifies invention data, patent number, issue date, and recorded place. It does not by itself prove full identity, ancestry, biography, commercialization, sport-access history, dentistry biography, or community memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US638920A/en

Patent record

Patent text, case-file context, or patent-image trails that can support inventor, title, number, date, place, and claim language.

public patent transcription and imagespatent transcription

Seed-Planter, U.S. Patent X8447

Today in Science History / 1834 patent transcription

Supports: Provides public text and images for Henry Blair's Seed-Planter, X8447, dated October 14, 1834.
Limit: Transcription notes legibility gaps; use with source caution and pair with patent images where possible.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://todayinsci.com/Events/Patent/SeedPlanter-BlairX8447.htm

patent text mirrorpatent text

US15A - Cotton-planter

Google Patents / 1836 patent record

Supports: Shows Henry Blair of Glen Ross, Maryland, U.S. Patent No. 15, Cotton-Planter, dated August 31, 1836.
Limit: Google Patents is a useful public mirror; primary archive verification remains preferred for case-file work.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US15A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US3237A - Improvement in sugar-works

Google Patents / 1843 patent record

Supports: Shows Norbert Rillieux of New Orleans tied to an 1843 sugar-works patent record.
Limit: OCR and transcription artifacts require careful reading against original images where possible.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3237A/en

primary-source educational recordarchive case-file context

Norbert Rillieux's Improvement in Sugar-Works

National Archives / DocsTeach / 1846 patent case file

Supports: Identifies Patent Case File No. 4,879, Improvement in Sugar-Making, inventor Norbert Rillieux, National Archives Identifier 70664446, and public-domain rights status.
Limit: The educational description supports a source trail but should not be the only identity or commercial-ownership source.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://docsteach.org/document/norbert-rillieuxs-improvement-in-sugar-works-4879/

patent text mirrorpatent text

US4879A - Improvement in sugar-making

Google Patents / 1846 patent record

Supports: Shows Norbert Rillieux's 1846 Improvement in sugar-making patent text.
Limit: Use with NARA case-file context for stronger source control.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4879A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US3973A - Joseph H. Hawkins Gridiron

Google Patents / 1845 patent record

Supports: Shows Joseph H. Hawkins of West Windsor, New Jersey, patent No. 3973, an improved gridiron for broiling, publication date March 26, 1845.
Limit: Patent text verifies the invention record but not a complete biography or community lineage.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3973A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with source discrepancy

US61941A - Improvement in Animal Traps

Google Patents / 1867 patent record

Supports: Shows H. Lee connected to an animal-trap patent issued February 12, 1867, while the Baker/Murray trail names Henry Lee with a Richmond, Virginia place label.
Limit: The current trail has a residence/name discrepancy: Baker says Richmond, Virginia, while the patent mirror says Oberlin, Ohio. Keep noindex until reconciled.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US61941A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with name-variant caveat

US64205A - Improvement in Shoes

Google Patents / 1867 patent record

Supports: Shows William A. Deitz of Albany, New York, connected to an improvement in women's laced or buttoned boots, issued April 30, 1867.
Limit: Baker/Murray list context uses W.A. Dietz, while the patent text uses William A. Deitz. Preserve both spellings until a stronger identity trail is attached.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US64205A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity-source caveat

US77494A - Corn-husker and sheller

Google Patents / 1868 patent record

Supports: Shows Martha Jones of Amelia County, Virginia, connected to an improvement in corn-huskers and shellers issued May 5, 1868.
Limit: The patent verifies invention, date, and place. Biography, identity, and Black women inventor context need external public source support.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US77494A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with biography caveat

US100020A - Dining table, ironing table, and quilting frame

Google Patents / 1870 patent record

Supports: Shows Thomas Elkins of Albany, New York, connected to a combined dining table, ironing table, and quilting frame issued February 22, 1870.
Limit: The patent verifies the invention row; later biographical memory should be separated from patent evidence until sourced.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US100020A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity-source caveat

US125063A - Improvement in Fire-Extinguishers

Google Patents / 1872 patent record

Supports: Shows Thomas J. Martin of Dowagiac, Michigan, connected to an improvement in fire-extinguishers issued March 26, 1872.
Limit: The patent verifies invention, date, and residence. Identity evidence and life context should be strengthened before biography expands beyond the patent row.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US125063A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US129843A - Improvement in Lubricators for Steam-Engines

Google Patents / 1872 patent record

Supports: Shows Elijah McCoy of Ypsilanti, Michigan, connected to a steam-engine lubricator patent issued July 23, 1872.
Limit: Use the patent row for industrial-infrastructure context; do not reduce McCoy to phrase folklore or commercial claims without separate sources.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US129843A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity-source caveat

US140253A - Improvement in Cooking Apparatus

Google Patents / 1873 patent record

Supports: Shows Mary Jones De Leon of Baltimore, Maryland, connected to an improvement in cooking apparatus issued June 24, 1873.
Limit: The patent verifies invention and residence. Keep identity and biography caveated unless supported by public Baker/Murray, city directory, Black press, census, or scholarship sources.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US140253A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with co-inventor record

US147363A - Improvement in Water-Closets for Railroad-Cars

Google Patents / 1874 patent record

Supports: Shows Lewis H. Latimer and Charles W. Brown connected to an improvement in water-closets for railroad cars issued February 10, 1874.
Limit: Do not erase Charles W. Brown. This profile starts with Latimer's chronological first patent and points forward to later electrical work only as later public memory.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US147363A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with boundary-case identity note

US274207A - Lasting-Machine

Google Patents / 1883 patent record

Supports: Shows Jan Ernst Matzeliger connected to a lasting-machine mechanism for lasting boots and shoes, issued March 20, 1883.
Limit: The patent record supports invention, patent number, title, and issue date. It does not make Matzeliger an Indigenous Black identity claim; CultureUp names the Suriname-born, U.S.-based frame carefully.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US274207A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US299894A - Steam-Boiler Furnace

Google Patents / 1884 patent record

Supports: Shows Granville T. Woods of Cincinnati, Ohio connected to a steam-boiler furnace patent issued June 3, 1884.
Limit: The patent record supports the invention row. It does not prove full biography, commercialization, or every later Woods patent.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US299894A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity caveat

US305474A - Dough Kneader and Roller

Google Patents / 1884 patent record

Supports: Shows Judy W. Reed connected to a dough kneader and roller patent issued September 23, 1884.
Limit: The patent record supports the patent row. It does not settle biography, first-language, race, private family record, or complete identity by itself.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US305474A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity caveat

US322177A - Cabinet-Bed

Google Patents / 1885 patent record

Supports: Shows Sarah E. Goode of Chicago, Illinois connected to a cabinet-bed patent issued July 14, 1885.
Limit: The patent record supports the invention row and place label. It does not prove first-language, full biography, business success, or family history.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US322177A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity caveat

US371207A - Elevator

Google Patents / 1887 patent record

Supports: Shows Alexander Miles connected to an elevator patent issued October 11, 1887.
Limit: The patent record supports the elevator invention row. It does not prove full biography, every elevator-safety effect, commercialization, or absolute priority.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US371207A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US386289A - Gong and Signal Chair

Google Patents / 1888 patent record

Supports: Shows Miriam E. Benjamin of Washington, D.C. connected to a gong and signal chair patent issued July 17, 1888.
Limit: The patent record supports the invention row and place label. It does not prove full biography, institutional adoption, or every later signal-system use.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US386289A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with identity caveat

US473653A - Ironing-Board

Google Patents / 1892 patent record

Supports: Shows Sarah Boone of New Haven, Connecticut connected to an ironing-board patent issued April 26, 1892.
Limit: The patent record supports the invention row and place label. It does not prove complete biography, household labor history, commercialization, or first-language by itself.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US473653A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text

US1113675A - Breathing Device

Google Patents / 1914 patent record

Supports: Shows Garrett A. Morgan connected to a breathing device patent issued October 13, 1914.
Limit: The patent record supports the public-safety invention row. It does not prove every later gas-mask, rescue, business, or traffic-signal claim.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1113675A/en

patent text mirrorpatent text with network context

US1693515A - Permanent Waving Machine

Google Patents / 1928 patent record

Supports: Shows Marjorie S. Joyner connected to a permanent waving machine patent issued November 27, 1928.
Limit: The patent row belongs to Joyner. Do not identify Madam C.J. Walker as the inventor; Walker Manufacturing context is business and beauty-network context only.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1693515A/en

patent text mirrormodern patent text staged for source review

US4744360A - Apparatus for Ablating and Removing Cataract Lenses

Google Patents / 1988 patent record

Supports: Shows Patricia E. Bath connected to an apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses, issued May 17, 1988.
Limit: The patent record supports the modern medical patent anchor. Keep noindex until the medical profile has enough public source depth and careful professional context.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4744360A/en

Identity evidence

Institutional profiles, Baker/Murray recovery context, or public source trails that support careful Black patentee language without private proof.

official historical essayrecovery-project context

Found on Baker's list

United States Patent and Trademark Office / 2022

Supports: Connects Henry E. Baker's recovery project, George Washington Murray's Congressional Record list, and the problem that the Patent Office did not and still does not collect demographic data.
Limit: Baker's list is a recovery starting point, not a complete census of Black inventors.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/found-bakers-list

institutional inventor profileinstitutional biography

Thomas Jennings

National Inventors Hall of Fame / profile page

Supports: Identifies Thomas Jennings, U.S. Patent No. 3306x, dry scouring, 1821, and the claim that he became the first Black American granted a patent.
Limit: The original patent specification remains an X-patent loss; use earliest verified wording rather than claiming no earlier Black inventor existed.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.invent.org/inductees/thomas-jennings

institutional reportingbiographical and archive-limit context

The First African-American to Hold a Patent Invented Dry Scouring

Smithsonian Magazine / 2019

Supports: Adds context for Jennings as a free Black New Yorker, tailor, abolitionist supporter, and X-patent holder whose original patent has not been recovered.
Limit: Secondary reporting; do not treat it as the original patent case file.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/first-african-american-hold-patent-invented-dry-scouring-180971394/

public inventor profilepublic inventor context

Alice H. Parker

Lemelson-MIT / current public profile

Supports: Identifies Alice H. Parker as a Black early twentieth-century inventor connected to a natural-gas central-heating patent.
Limit: Supports public context and lane fit; it does not prove all biography, adoption, commercialization, or Indigenous Black identity.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/alice-h-parker

Archive limit

Sources that explain damaged, missing, or incomplete records so CultureUp does not overstate early patent claims.

official patent-history articlearchive-limit context

The search for lost X-patents

United States Patent and Trademark Office / 2022

Supports: Explains that the 1836 Patent Office fire destroyed specifications and scale models for nearly 10,000 early X-patents.
Limit: Does not by itself verify the content of Jennings's lost dry-scouring specification.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/blog/the-search-for-lost-x

Public memory

Objects, museums, and public interpretation records that help readers see how an invention remains visible.

museum object recordobject and public-memory context

Patent Model, Multiple Effect Vacuum Evaporator

Smithsonian Institution / object record

Supports: Connects Rillieux's patent model to the U.S. Patent Office and the multiple-effect vacuum evaporator.
Limit: Museum object context should not be stretched into a complete biography or assignment trail.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.si.edu/object/patent-model-multiple-effect-vacuum-evaporator%3Aacm_1994.0001.0001

public education sourcepublic institution context

George Washington Carver - The Artist: A Colorful South

National Park Service / NPS classroom source

Supports: Places Carver's paints and stains work inside his broader agricultural chemistry and industrial-application public record.
Limit: Supports context for Carver's materials work; it does not replace patent text or prove every technical or commercial claim.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/george-washington-carver-the-artist-a-colorful-south.htm

public patent-record highlightarchive context

George Washington Carver Patent for Cosmetics

National Archives / NARA public highlight

Supports: Connects Carver patent holdings to cosmetics, paint, and stains from natural clay in the National Archives public record.
Limit: Does not establish all Carver patent claims by itself; CultureUp still uses patent rows for patent-number facts.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.archives.gov/college-park/highlights/carver-patents

public inventor profilepublic inventor context

Frederick McKinley Jones

National Inventors Hall of Fame / current public profile

Supports: Identifies Jones with mobile refrigeration and U.S. Patent No. 2,303,857.
Limit: Supports public inventor context; it does not erase Joseph A. Numero's co-inventor status or U.S. Thermo Control Co.'s assignee status.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.invent.org/inductees/frederick-mckinley-jones

public inventor profilepublic inventor context

Otis Boykin's Enduring Impact on Technology

National Inventors Hall of Fame / NIHF public profile

Supports: Places Boykin's resistor work inside a public inventor profile and distinguishes later resistor claims from the first patent row.
Limit: Does not let CultureUp claim every pacemaker or commercialization detail from the 1959 patent alone.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.invent.org/blog/inventors/otis-boykin-electrical-resistor-pacemaker

public inventor profileco-inventor public profile

James E. West

National Inventors Hall of Fame / current public profile

Supports: Identifies West and Gerhard Sessler with the electret microphone and U.S. Patent No. 3,118,022.
Limit: Does not support solo-invention language or erase Bell Telephone Laboratories as assignee.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.invent.org/inductees/james-e-west

public inventor profileco-inventor public profile

Marie van Brittan Brown

Lemelson-MIT / current public profile

Supports: Identifies Marie Van Brittan Brown and Albert L. Brown with U.S. Patent No. 3,482,037 for a home security system.
Limit: Supports public context; it does not prove modern surveillance lineage, economic benefit, or every adoption claim.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/marie-van-brittan-brown

public agency articlefederal public-memory context

Looking Back: Dr. George Carruthers and the Apollo 16 Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph

NASA / NASA public article

Supports: Places Carruthers' ultraviolet camera/spectrograph work in Apollo 16 public space-science memory.
Limit: Does not replace the patent row or prove every instrument, NASA, Navy, or commercialization claim.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/looking-back-dr-george-carruthers-apollo-16-far-ultraviolet-camera-spectrograph/

public inventor profilepublic inventor context

Valerie Thomas

Lemelson-MIT / current public profile

Supports: Identifies Thomas with the illusion transmitter and her 1980 patent.
Limit: Does not by itself prove every later NASA, medical, television, or commercialization use case.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/valerie-thomas

public inventor profilepublic inventor context

George Edward Alcorn

National Inventors Hall of Fame / current public profile

Supports: Identifies Alcorn with the imaging X-ray spectrometer and places the invention inside NASA Goddard public-memory context.
Limit: Does not erase co-inventors, NASA as assignee, or the need to distinguish patents from career biography.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.invent.org/inductees/george-edward-alcorn

official historical essaypublic-memory recovery context

Baker, Murray, and the Congressional Record recovery trail

United States Patent and Trademark Office / 2022

Supports: Connects Henry E. Baker's recovery project, George Washington Murray's Congressional Record list, and the fact that demographic data was not collected in the patent system.
Limit: Baker/Murray context supports recovery-method and public-memory framing. It does not replace exact patent rows, full biography, commercialization evidence, or private identity proof.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/found-bakers-list

Method

Official research tools and data-limit sources used to explain how the archive is built and what the archive cannot prove.

official patent-law explainerlegal context

Patent Essentials

United States Patent and Trademark Office / current USPTO guidance

Supports: Defines a U.S. patent as a right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing the claimed invention.
Limit: Does not identify Black patentees or prove any individual biography.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/basics/essentials

official search toolresearch method

Patent Public Search

United States Patent and Trademark Office / current USPTO tool page

Supports: Establishes the current public search path for patent and patent-application publications.
Limit: Search availability does not itself resolve race, identity, assignment, or early X-patent record loss.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search/

research-grade patent data systemresearch method

PatentsView

United States Patent and Trademark Office / current USPTO data page

Supports: Explains PatentsView as a USPTO database that uses AI methods to turn raw patent data into research-grade datasets, including inventor, applicant, and assignee information.
Limit: Improves patent-data use and disambiguation but does not solve Black inventor identification by itself.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/ip-policy/economic-research/patentsview

official archive guidearchive method

Patent case files at the National Archives

National Archives at Kansas City / current NARA guide

Supports: Identifies patent case files and associated records as National Archives holdings for patent research.
Limit: A repository guide does not prove any single patent unless tied to a case file or catalog record.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.archives.gov/research/patents

report to Congressdata-limit context

SUCCESS Act report

United States Patent and Trademark Office / 2019

Supports: Documents the modern public-data problem around inventor demographics and underrepresented inventor groups.
Limit: Modern demographic reporting does not identify antebellum patentees or settle individual identity claims.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/ip-policy/economic-research/publications/reports/report-congress-pursuant-pl-115-273-success-act

Under review

Useful sources that open sequence or identity questions but do not yet justify public rank changes.

primary patent record neededsource-review queue

Samuel R. Scottron improved mirror patent row

Source review placeholder / March 31, 1868 claim under review

Supports: Keeps Samuel R. Scottron in the next-ten sprint queue as an important Black inventor and public-life figure whose 1868 improved mirror patent row still needs a primary patent-number/text source before promotion.
Limit: Do not promote an indexable Scottron profile until patent number, patent text/image, residence, and source-led identity trail are attached.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/

source-review queuepending primary-source reconciliation

Mary B. Kenner sanitary-belt primary patent reconciliation

CultureUp source review / source review pending

Supports: Keeps the sanitary-belt claim in review until a primary patent record is attached to the source ledger.
Limit: This review row does not prove the sanitary-belt patent claim. It prevents CultureUp from publishing a strong claim before primary patent evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

source-review queuepending primary-source reconciliation

Emmett W. Chappelle bioluminescence patent-family reconciliation

CultureUp source review / source review pending

Supports: Keeps Chappelle's bioluminescence, ATP detection, bacteria detection, and life-detection patent family in review until exact patent rows are attached.
Limit: This review row does not prove any exact Chappelle patent number, title, date, co-inventor, assignee, or technical claim. It prevents CultureUp from promoting a strong profile before primary patent evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

source-review queuepending primary-source reconciliation

Meredith C. Gourdine electrogasdynamics patent-family reconciliation

CultureUp source review / source review pending

Supports: Keeps Gourdine's electrogasdynamics, electrostatic systems, focus-flow heat sink, pollution-control, and energy-conversion patent family in review until exact patent rows are attached.
Limit: This review row does not prove any exact Gourdine patent number, title, date, co-inventor, assignee, or technical claim. It prevents CultureUp from promoting a strong profile before primary patent evidence is ledgered.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

source-review queuepending primary-source reconciliation

Marian R. Croak US7599359 direct patent-row reconciliation

CultureUp source review / source review pending

Supports: Keeps the VoIP network performance-monitoring anchor in review until the direct patent row, co-inventors, assignee, date, and limits are attached.
Limit: This review row does not prove the exact Croak patent record or permit indexable promotion. Direct patent evidence is required before CultureUp treats the route as a completed profile.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

source-review queuepending primary-source reconciliation

Marian R. Croak US7715368 direct patent-row reconciliation

CultureUp source review / source review pending

Supports: Keeps the text/dynamic donation patent-family anchor in review until the direct patent row, co-inventors, assignee, date, and limits are attached.
Limit: This review row does not prove the exact Croak patent record or permit indexable promotion. Direct patent evidence is required before CultureUp treats the route as a completed profile.
Last checked: 2026-06-09
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

exact patent records neededsource-review queue

David N. Crosthwait Jr. HVAC patent family

Source review placeholder / HVAC and heat-transfer patent family under review

Supports: Keeps Crosthwait in the Sprint 7 source-review queue as a heat-transfer and HVAC systems figure whose exact patent numbers, titles, dates, assignees, and co-inventors still need to be ledgered.
Limit: Do not promote an indexable Crosthwait profile until direct patent rows, source limits, and public context sources are attached.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://patents.google.com/

exact patent records neededsource-review queue

Charles S. L. Baker friction-heater patent family

CultureUp source review / friction-heater patent family under review

Supports: Keeps Charles S. L. Baker in source review until exact friction-heater patent numbers, titles, dates, assignees, and source limits are ledgered.
Limit: Do not promote folklore about the friction heater without primary patent records and public context sources.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

exact patent records neededsource-review queue

Shelby J. Davidson office-calculation patent family

CultureUp source review / adding-machine and tabulating-device patent family under review

Supports: Keeps Shelby J. Davidson in source review until exact office-calculation patent numbers, titles, dates, assignees, and source limits are ledgered.
Limit: Do not promote Davidson as a completed adding-machine or tabulating-device profile until direct patent rows are attached.
Last checked: 2026-06-10
Source URL: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search/patent-public-search

legal-history scholarshiplegal-history context

Invention of a Slave

University of Kentucky College of Law repository / 2018

Supports: Explains slavery, patent oaths, legal capacity, and mentions free antebellum African American patentees including Robert Benjamin Lewis.
Limit: Strong context source, but Robert Benjamin Lewis needs a dedicated primary patent-record reconciliation before changing public rank cards.
Last checked: 2026-06-08
Source URL: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub/619/

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